Giant Artillery Cannon on Trains a Cute Little Baby

Form of large arms

Not to be confused with Railgun, a weapon that propels projectiles past means of an electromagnetic field.

French 370 mm railway howitzer of World War I

A railway gun, also called a railroad gun, is a large arms piece, often surplus naval artillery, mounted on, transported by, and fired from a specially designed railway wagon. Many countries have built railway guns, but the best-known are the big Krupp-built pieces used by Germany in Globe War I and World War II. Smaller guns were often part of an armoured train. Only able to be moved where at that place were adept tracks, which could be destroyed past artillery bombardment or airstrike, railway guns were phased out afterwards World War Two.

Design considerations [edit]

The design of a railway gun has three firing bug over and higher up those of an ordinary artillery piece to consider. Namely how the gun is going to be traversed – i.e. moved from side to side to aim; how the horizontal component of the recoil force will be absorbed by the gun's carriage and how the vertical recoil forcefulness will be absorbed by the ground.^{[ citation needed ]}

Methods of traverse [edit]

Non-traversing (meridian); car traversing mount (middle); top railroad vehicle traversing mount (bottom)

The first method of traverse is to rely entirely on movement along a curved section of track or on a turntable with no provision to traverse the gun on its mount. The 2d is to traverse the runway car torso on its trucks, known equally a car-traversing mountain. Generally this is limited to a few degrees of traverse to either side unless an elaborate foundation is congenital with a center pivot and traversing rollers. The design of the foundation is the only limit to the amount of traverse allowed in this latter case. The tertiary selection is to allow the separate gun mount to rotate with respect to the rail car body, known equally a top-wagon traversing mount. This commonly requires the gun to exist mounted on a central pivot which, in plow, is mounted on the car trunk. With few exceptions these types of mounts require some number of outriggers, stabilisers, or earth anchors to keep them in place confronting the recoil forces and are generally more than suitable for smaller guns. The American mail–World War I cess of railway arms considered that the utility of even a small amount of traverse for fine adjustments was high enough that either of the two latter traversing methods is preferable to a fixed mount.^[one]

Recoil systems [edit]

Cradle recoil (height); top carriage recoil (second); sliding recoil (third); rolling recoil (bottom)

In that location are iv primary methods to absorb the recoil strength for railway guns: cradle recoil, elevation-railroad vehicle recoil, sliding recoil and rolling recoil.

Cradle recoil means that the gun recoils backward in its cradle, retarded and stopped past hydraulic buffers. Information technology is returned to battery, or the firing position, past either helical springs or by air in a pneumatic recuperator cylinder that is compressed by the strength of recoil. This is the about mutual method used for lighter railroad guns and for virtually all field artillery designed afterwards the French introduced their Canon de 75 modèle 1897.^{[ citation needed ]}

Tiptop-carriage recoil is the situation in which the gun is mounted in an upper carriage that moves on wheels on fixed runway mounted on the lower. The gun and upper carriage recoil together, restrained by the usual hydraulic buffers. Render to battery is effected either by gravity, through the employ of inclined runway, which the gun and carriage have run up, by springs, or even by rubber bands, on some improvised mounts.^[ii] It is not well-suited to firing at steep upward angles because it cannot absorb much of the vertical component of the recoil force.^[3]

This French 320 mm railway gun uses sliding recoil. The jacked-down sleepers are visible at total-size.

Sliding recoil has the car body sitting on a gear up of wooden crossbeams or "sleepers" placed underneath information technology which take been jacked downward on to a special set of girders incorporated into the track so that near half the weight of the mount has been transferred to them from the trucks. The gun, car trunk and trucks all recoil together with the friction generated past the crossbeams sliding on the girders absorbing the recoil force afterwards moving only almost 1 to two metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft) to the rear. The sleepers must be jacked up again to allow the gun to roll forward to its firing position. This was oftentimes done past handwheels driving gear trains attached to the wheels, or even by electric motors on more modern mounts. Near all of these type of mounts were of the non-traversing type and had to exist fired from a curved section of rail or turntable. The American post–World War I assessment of railway artillery praised its ruggedness, ease of industry and convenience in service, simply best-selling its unsuitability for smaller guns, due to excessive time of operation and lack of traverse, and that it was not suitable for the largest howitzers firing at high angles because of the enormous trunnion forces.^[iii]

With rolling recoil the unabridged gun, mountain, and carriage rolls astern, typically between thirty to 50 feet (9.1 to fifteen.2 m), restrained but past the brakes. The mount was winched back into firing position by cables fastened to the track. This system was usually combined with cradle recoil because the springs of the trucks cannot withstand the vertical component of the recoil force alone. This type of mount was usually fitted with machine-traverse. It was unsuitable for smaller guns due to the lack of traverse.^[iii] The great reward of this method is that it requires minimal training and can burn from whatever suitable department of curved track.^[iv]

This French 274 mm howitzer used a combination of top-cradle and sliding recoil.

The methods were often used in combination with each other. Examples include the French 520 mm (twenty in) railway howitzer which used cradle-sliding recoil. The Americans' 14"/50 caliber railway gun Mark 2 used cradle-rolling recoil as did the 14 and 12 inch railway guns from United kingdom. Only the oldest weapons used a combination of meridian-cradle and sliding recoil. Ane example being the earliest mounts for the British designed BL 9.two inch Railway Gun.^{[ citation needed ]}

Anchorage [edit]

No anchorage needed (top); truck platform anchorage (middle); ground platform anchorage (bottom)

French St Chamond 240 mm Canon de Mle 1893/96, WWI, using basis platform anchorage

The combination of rolling and cradle-recoil methods absorbed both the horizontal and vertical components of the recoil forcefulness and needed no special preparations, simply all other types required some method to transmit the vertical force to the ground. One way is to build a platform on either the ties or the ground with girders, beams, pads or floats. The horizontal component would be alleviated by either sliding recoil or rail clamps, guys or struts to secure the mount in identify. The French Schneider 194 mm (7.vi in) and 240 mm (ix.iv in) mounts and the British 9.ii inch guns and 12 inch howitzers used track clamps or guys. The American viii in (200 mm) gun and the French 240 mm Canon de Mle 1893/96 M used struts.^[4]

The other method is build a firing position and recoil pit (épi de tir in French) underneath the tracks, using either heavy timbers similar the French 340 mm (13 in) and 400 mm (sixteen in) howitzers or an elaborate concrete or steel base. These latter were mostly used by the Germans for the 21 cm (8.3 in) and larger railway guns and by the French for their Batignollesmounts. Generally, for these emplacements the rails but served to guide the gun into position and the gun was often mounted on a key pivot to allow up to 360° of traverse. The master drawback of these positions was the lengthy time to build them.

History [edit]

19th century [edit]

The idea of railway guns was beginning suggested in Russia in 1847 by Gustav Kori (proposal),^[5] followed by Ye. Repin (project, 1855), Pyotr Lebedev (who outlined the theoretical foundations of the railway artillery in Primeneniye Zheleznykh Dorog yard Zashite Materika, 1857) and P. Fomin (developed a project of a big-caliber cannon, 1860).^{[vi] [7]}

American Civil State of war [edit]

A 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle railway gun used in the American Ceremonious State of war

The first railway gun used in gainsay was a banded 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle mounted on a flat automobile and shielded by a sloping casemate of railroad atomic number 26. On 29 June 1862, Robert E. Lee had the gun pushed by a locomotive over the Richmond and York River line (later part of the Southern Railway) and used at the Battle of Fell's Station to interfere with General George McClellan'south plans for siege operations against Richmond during the Union advance up the peninsula.^[8]

Photographic evidence exists of at least one Union 13-inch siege mortar mounted on a rail automobile during the Siege of Petersburg. It was nicknamed the Dictator or the Petersburg Express.^[9] When it was first fired, the recoil destroyed the flatcar on which it was mounted.^[10] A flatcar strengthened by boosted beams covered past fe plate was able to resist recoil damage from a total charge. The Dictator was then fired from a section of the Petersburg and City Signal Railroad where moving the strengthened flatcar along a curve in the rails trained the gun on different targets forth the Amalgamated lines. The Dictator silenced the Confederate guns on Chesterfield Heights to prevent them from enfilading the right cease of the Union line.^[xi] Another photo exists of a gun mounted on an armoured rails auto with the caption of "Railway battery used in siege of Petersburg" although no textual bear witness survives in support of the caption, which makes the merits that it is a photograph of the Confederate gun from 1862 dubious.^{[ commendation needed ]}

France [edit]

French republic also used improvised railway guns during the Siege of Paris (1870–1871).^[12] In France, Lt. Col Peigné is ofttimes credited with designing the first railway gun in 1883. Commandant Mougin is credited with putting guns on rail cars in 1870. The French arms maker Schneider offered a number of models in the tardily 1880s and produced a 120 mm (4.seven in) gun intended for coastal defence, selling some to the Danish government in the 1890s. They too designed a 200 mm (vii.nine in) model the Obusier de 200 "Pérou" sur affût-truck TAZ Schneider for Republic of peru in 1910, but they were never delivered.^[xiii]

Uk [edit]

The U.k. mounted a few 4.7 in (120 mm) guns on railway cars which saw action during the Siege and Relief of Ladysmith during the Second Boer State of war.^[fourteen] A 9.2 inch gun was taken from the Greatcoat Town coast defences and mounted on a rails car to support the British assault on Boer defenses at Belfast, due north-east of Johannesburg, only the battle concluded before it could get into action.^[15]

World War I [edit]

The outbreak of the First Earth War caught the French with a shortage of heavy field arms. In compensation, big numbers of large static coastal defense guns and naval guns were moved to the front, but these were typically unsuitable for field utilise and required some kind of mounting. The railway gun provided the obvious solution. By 1916, both sides were deploying numerous types of railway guns.^[16]

France

During the Get-go World War France produced more than railway guns in more than calibers and with dissimilar mountings than everyone else combined.^[17] The largest French gun produce past Schneider of France the Obusier de 520 modèle 1916, a 20-inch (520 mm) railway "Fort Buster" to do what the High german 16.53-inch Big Bertha had washed at the outbreak of World War I and reduce the German forts in the final line of German language defenses. One was destroyed in trials and the other did non complete firing trials prior to the signing of the Armistice. The gun remained in storage and was captured past the Germans during World State of war II. Information technology later formed function of the German artillery complement during the Siege of Saint petersburg. The gun was disabled by a premature detonation and after abandoned.^[eighteen]

United States

WWI era U.S. Navy 14" railway gun at Sandy Hook, New Jersey

Baldwin Locomotive Works delivered five 14"/50 quotient railway guns on trains for the The states Navy during April and May 1918. Each 14"/50 gun ^[19] mounted on a 72-foot (22 1000), 535,000-pound (243 t) track carriage with four six-bicycle bogies was under the control of a U.s.a. Navy lieutenant with a standard U.S. Regular army 2-eight-0 locomotive, a 10-ton crane automobile, ii armored armament cars carrying 25 shells each, two cars conveying the recoil pit foundation materials, two fuel and workshop cars, three berthing cars, a kitchen car, a commissary automobile, and a medical clinic motorcar. A 6th locomotive pulled a headquarters car for Rear Admiral Charles Peshall Plunkett, with a motorcar-shop car, a spare parts motorcar, a berthing car, a kitchen motorcar, a commissary motorcar, and a medical dispensary car.^[20] After delivery past ship, these trains were assembled in St. Nazaire in Baronial^[21] and fired a total of 782 shells during 25 days on the Western Forepart at ranges between 27 and 36 kilometres (xxx,000 and 39,000 yd).^[22] Each fourteen-inch (36 cm) projectile weighed one,400 pounds (640 kg) and was fired at 2,800 feet (850 chiliad) per second. The railway carriages could elevate the guns to 43 degrees, but elevations over 15 degrees required excavation of a pit with room for the gun to recoil and structural steel shoring foundations to prevent caving of the pit sides from recoil forces absorbed by the surrounding soil.^[23] The trains moved charily because beam loading nether the gun barrels was 50,330 pounds (22.83 t) while French railways were designed for a maximum of 39,000 pounds (18 t). These beam journals overheated at speeds of more 10 kilometres (half-dozen.2 mi) per hour. Afterwards reaching its intended firing site and constructing the recoil pit, each gun could burn down about two shells per hour. One of these guns was retained subsequently the State of war equally an ammunition exam gun at the Dahlgren Weapons Laboratory until all United States battleships with xiv"/l guns were scrapped before long after World War II.^[20] The gun was then placed on display outside the U.S. Navy Museum at the Washington Navy Thou.^{[ citation needed ]}

Baldwin constructed 6 similar gun carriages and two of an improved Mk II type^[xix] designed to permit firing the gun at all elevation angles without transferring weight to a separate foundation. These 8 guns were completed likewise late to see combat, and were designated the xiv-inch M1920 railway guns. Some were later stationed through Globe State of war Ii in special coast defense installations at San Pedro, California, (near Los Angeles) and in the Panama Canal Zone where they could be shifted from one sea to the other in less than a 24-hour interval. Improved carriages were designed to allow their transportation to several fixed firing emplacements including physical foundations where the railway trucks were withdrawn so the gun could exist rapidly traversed (swiveled horizontally) to engage moving ship targets.^[24]

After the American entry into World War I on 6 April 1917, the U.Southward. Army recognized the need to adopt railway artillery for use on the Western Front. No US railway guns existed at that fourth dimension. Due to low product and shipping priorities, the Army's railway gun contribution on the Western Front end consisted of four U.S. Coast Artillery regiments armed with French-fabricated weapons. 3 additional railway gun regiments were in French republic, just did non complete training prior to the Armistice, and they did not see activeness. Other Declension Arms units too operated diverse types of French-, British-, and American-fabricated heavy artillery.^[25] The Regular army also converted some of the numerous coast arms weapons to railway mounts. A total of 96 eight-inch guns (including some from Navy spares), 129 10-inch guns, 45 12-inch guns, and 150 12-inch mortars could be spared from fixed coast defense force batteries or spare stocks. Twelve seven-inch ex-Navy guns and six 12-inch guns being built for Chile were also available. To shorten a long story, none of these weapons were shipped to France except 3 8-inch guns, as few of any type were completed before the Armistice. Forty-seven 8-inch railway guns were ordered, with 18 completed by the Armistice and a total of 37 (or 47, references vary) completed before the contract was canceled. Eight 10-inch railway mounts of 54 ordered were completed past the Ceasefire, and twelve 12-inch railway mounts were completed by 1 April 1919; the 12-inch contract was cancelled at that point. At to the lowest degree some of the 10-inch gun barrels were shipped to France and mounted on French-fabricated carriages, but sources do not indicate any use of them in combat. 3 railway mountings for the Chilean 12-inch guns were ready for shipment by the Armistice, and the remaining three barrels were kept equally spares. A total of twenty-two ten-inch guns were eventually mounted. Xc-one 12-inch railway mortars were ordered, with 45 complete by vii Apr 1919 and the residual eventually completed.^{[22] [26]}

The seven-inch and 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars used a common carriage, with a depressed center and ii iv-wheel or 6-wheel bogies. The bogies were interchangeable for standard-gauge or (with 12-bike bogies) 60-cm (23.six-inch) gauge rails.^[27] Outriggers and a rotating mount allowed accommodating burn. This allowed the weapons to exist used in coast defense against moving targets. The viii-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were kept on railway mountings after the war, while virtually all of the 7-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns were returned to the littoral forts. With 47 bachelor, plus an boosted 24 ex-Navy Marker Six guns on railway mounts past 1942, the 8-inch guns were the most-commonly-deployed American railway gun through Earth State of war II. Nigh 12 of these were used for the defence of Oahu, Hawaii. Others were stationed for the littoral defence of Manila (somewhen dismounted from the railway railroad vehicle at Corregidor),^[28] Bermuda, Newfoundland, Puget Sound, Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Fort Hancock, New Jersey (well-nigh New York City).^{[29] [xxx]}

Although numerous 12-inch railway mortars were available, few were deployed. In 1930 the US Regular army tested them at Fort Hancock, New Bailiwick of jersey, and Fort Miles, Delaware.^[31] During World War II, four railway mortars were amidst the temporary harbor defenses of Grays Harbor, Washington land, and emplacements for an additional four at Cape George, Washington, were constructed, but never armed.^[32] Of the more than 250 railway guns congenital in the United States from 1916 to 1942, the five navy 14"/50 guns that were sent to France during Globe State of war I and perhaps two 8-inch guns in the Philippines were the only ones ever to be used in gainsay.^[20] Reportedly, the 8 8-inch railway guns in the Philippines in 1941–42 were either destroyed by air assault or lacked trained crews.^{[33] [28]}

Earth War II [edit]

World War II saw the final use of the railway gun, with the massive 80 cm (31 in) Schwerer Gustav gun,^[34] the largest artillery piece to be used in gainsay, deployed by Nazi Germany. After the Fall of French republic Germany added 58 captured French guns to its inventory while Italia was given 19 French guns with many of these beingness captured by the Germans after the Italian capitulation.^[18]

Both Nazi Federal republic of germany and Smashing U.k. deployed railway guns that were capable of firing across the English Channel in the areas around Dover and Calais.^[35] The Wehrmacht deployed three 40.6-cm (16-inch) guns.^[36] The British Army deployed three xiii.5-inch (34.3-cm) railway guns on the East Kent Low-cal Railway, locating them around Lydden and Shepherdswell.^{[35] [37] [38]} These were codenamed the "Gladiator", the "Sceneshifter", and the "Peacemaker".^[35] 9.2-inch Marking 13 guns were located near Canterbury and Hythe, Kent; and 12-inch howitzers, Mk 3 and 5, located around Guston,^[35] north of Dover on the Southern Railway line to Deal and Ramsgate.

The 18-inch howitzer "Boche Buster" was sited on the Elham Valley Railway, betwixt Bridge, Kent, and Lyminge, and was intended for coastal defense against invasion. It was not capable of cantankerous-aqueduct firing, having a maximum range of only virtually 20 km (12 miles).

Surviving railway guns [edit]

• An 11.ii" or 28 cm railway gun is preserved at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Deed, Australia. Captured by the AIF at Amiens in 1918. (come across this link for 6 images and a brief clarification).
• In the United Kingdom, a BL eighteen inch Howitzer barrel survives. This was constructed also late to see service in World State of war I; information technology was put into service during Globe State of war II, but never saw action. The weapon has been displayed at the Royal Artillery headquarters at Larkhill since 2008, but in March 2013 was loaned to the Spoorwegmuseum, the Dutch national rails museum.^[39] In September 2013 it was moved to the Royal Armouries artillery museum at Fort Nelson, Hampshire.^[forty]
• A 12" railway gun is preserved at the Us Army Ordnance Museum, Fort Lee, Virginia, United States (see this link Archived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Machine for an prototype and brief description).
• A US Navy xiv"/50 caliber railway gun from World War I is preserved at the Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC, The states.
• A German 283 mm Krupp K5 gun ("Anzio Annie") is displayed at the United States Army Ordnance Museum, Fort Lee, Virginia. It was constructed using parts from two German guns that shelled the Anzio beachhead and were partially destroyed by their crews before being captured past the Allies.^[41]

A second 283 mm Krupp K5 can be seen at the Todt Bombardment museum, near Audinghen in northern French republic.^[42]

• Soviet-era 305 mm MK-3-12 guns are preserved at the Krasnaya Gorka fort near Lomonosov, Russia, and the Museum of Railway Technology, Saint Petersburg.
• Soviet 180 mm ТМ-1-180 guns may be seen at Krasnaya Gorka fort, at the Museum of the Smashing Patriotic War, Moscow, and at the Railway Station in Sevastopol, Ukraine.
• The final surviving American-made 7-inch (178 mm) railway gun is now on display at Museu Militar Conde de Linhares in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• While not a gun the Chehalis-Centralia RR of Chehalis, WA has something of cracking interest. It is a Model 1918 railroad car mount for a 12-inch seacoast mortar. These cars were congenital in the early 1920s to brand obsolete seacoast artillery more mobile. While all the guns were scrapped in the early on days of WW Two this car survived at the Bremerton Navy Base of operations.
• In that location is an eight-inch gun on an M1918 Railway Mount, less car, at the University of Tampa, Tampa, FL.^[43]

Images [edit]

• 

• 

See also [edit]

• Listing of railway artillery

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Miller vol. I, p. 39
2. ^ Miller vol. I, p. 52
3. ^ ^{a b c} Miller vol. I, p. 65
4. ^ ^{a b} Miller vol. I, p. 69
5. ^ (in Russian) http://www.travelzone.lv/lib/zd_puski/alphabetize.php
6. ^ Lebedev, P. North. (2011) [1857]. Применение железных дорог к защите материка. Сочинение инженер-подполковника П. Лебедева [Use of Railways for the Defense force of Land. Essay of engineer-Lieutenant Colonel P. Lebedev] (in Russian). Moscow: Kniga po Trebovaniyu. ISBN978-five-458-11821-seven.
7. ^ Denisov, A. P.; Perechnev, Yu. G. (1956). "Глава 4. Береговая артиллерия в Крымской войне 1853–1856 годов" [Chapter 4. Coastal Artillery in the Crimean War of 1853–1856]. Русская береговая артиллерия [Russian Coastal Arms]. Moscow: Voenizdat. pp. 89–91.
8. ^ Phillips, p. 225
9. ^ Miller vol. I, pp. nine-xvi
10. ^ Jack H. McCall, Jr., When Railroad Guns Ruled, Historynet; accessed 2017.ten.29.
11. ^ Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1957). The Photographic History of The Civil War. Vol. Five: Forts and Artillery. New York: Castle Books. pp. 51 & 54.
12. ^ Tucker, Due south. C. (2005). The encyclopedia of world war I: A political, social, and military machine history. Abc-clio. ISBN 1-85109-420-2
13. ^ Miller vol. I, pp. 17, 23
14. ^ Miller vol. I, p. 23
15. ^ Hall
16. ^ Miller vol. Two, pp. i–186
17. ^ Romanych, Marc (2017). Railway Guns of World War I. Heuer, Greg,, Noon, Steve. London: Osprey. p. 2. ISBN9781472816412. OCLC 999616340.
18. ^ ^{a b} Zaloga, Steve (2017). Railway guns of Earth War Ii. Dennis, Peter. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 2–3. ISBN978-1472810687. OCLC 907965829.
19. ^ ^{a b} "The United States naval railway batteries in France". Cyberspace Annal.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Schreier, Konrad F., Jr. (1988). "Admiral Plunkett's Railway Battle Armada". Railroad History. The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society. 158 (Bound 1988): 95–102.
21. ^ Many, April 1965, p.53
22. ^ ^{a b} Hogg, Ian V. (1998). Allied Artillery of Globe State of war I. Ramsbury, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, Ltd. pp. 138–148. ISBNone-86126-104-7.
23. ^ Westing (1966) pp.79-eighty
24. ^ Lewis (1979) pp. 103, 106
25. ^ "Defeating the Hun, The History of the U. S. Army, Coast Artillery Corps During WWI". beginnings.com.
26. ^ "U.s. Army Railway Artillery, WWI". ancestry.com.
27. ^ Miller, H. W., LTC, United states of america Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II, 1921, Vol. I, pp. 131-155
28. ^ ^{a b} Business relationship of the eight" railway guns in the Philippines, 1940–42
29. ^ Lewis (1979) pp. 102-110, 140-141
30. ^ Berhow, pp. 199-228
31. ^ "Mortar Railway Gun to Aid in Defending Coast" Popular Mechanics, December 1930
32. ^ Berhow, pp. 216-217
33. ^ The Doomed Philippine Inland Seas Defence Project
34. ^ Zaloga (2016), pp. 14-15, 18-19
35. ^ ^{a b c d} Arnold (1982), pp. 100, 108, 147, 148.
36. ^ German 40 cm guns at Navweaps.com
37. ^ Dale Clarke. "British Artillery 1914–xix. Heavy Artillery". Osprey Publishing, London, 2005. Pages 41-42
38. ^ "The Big Guns At Dover WW2 (Earth War Two)". Archived from the original on 2007-12-21.
39. ^ "The United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's largest artillery piece, one of 12 surviving wartime railway howitzers in the world, is being moved for exhibition in the netherlands". United Kingdom Regime. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-08 .
40. ^ Maev Kennedy. "Giant start world war gun on the move across southern England this week". the Guardian.
41. ^ Doyle, pp. three
42. ^ "Musée du Mur de l'Atlantique".
43. ^ 8-inch Gun Railway Mountain M1918

Bibliography [edit]

• Arnold, Colonel B. E. (1982). Disharmonize Beyond the Strait: A Bombardment Commander'due south Story of Kent'south Defences 1939–45. Dover: Crabwell Publications / Buckland Publications. ISBN0-906124-06-9.
• Berhow, Mark A., Ed. (2004). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide, Second Edition. CDSG Press. ISBN0-9748167-0-one.
• Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Boxing Cruisers 1905–1970. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN978-0-356-04191-ix.
• Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Found Press. ISBN0-87021-459-4.
• Doyle, David (2011). K5(E) Railgun – Detail in Activity. Carollton, Texas, United States: Squadron Signal Publications. ISBN978-0-89747-635-5.
• Engelmann, Joachim (1976). Armor in Action – German Railroad Guns. Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN0-89747-048-6.
• Hall, D Major. Armed forces History Periodical The Due south African Military History Society. - Vol 2 No 3 June 1972. Guns in South Africa 1899–1902 Role V and Half dozen
• Hogg, Ian V. (2005). Allied Artillery of World State of war One. Crowood Press. ISBN1-86126-712-6.
• Jäger, Herbert (2001). German Artillery of World State of war One. Crowood Press. ISBN1-86126-403-8.
• Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United states of america. Annapolis, Maryland: Leeward Publications. ISBN978-0-929521-11-4.
• Many, Seymour B. (April 1965). "He Made No Complaint". United States Naval Found Proceedings.
• Miller, H. Due west., Lt. Col. Railway Artillery: A Study on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery, Volumes I and Two Washington: Regime Print Role, 1921
• Phillips, Lance (1965). Yonder comes the Train . Cranbury, New Jersey: A.Southward. Barnes and Company. ISBN0-498-06303-viii.
• Robbins, Charles B. & Lewis, E. R. (2000). "The Chilean-American 12-inch Gun". Warship International. XXXVII (ii): 184–190.
• Westing, Fred (1966). The Locomotives that Baldwin Congenital. Bonanza Books.
• Zaloga, Steven J & Dennis, Peter (2016). Railway Guns of World State of war 2. Oxford, Britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-4728-1068-7.

External links [edit]

• "When Artillery First "Took to the Rails"
• 152 mm Finnish railway gun
• "Railwaygun Web Museum". Retrieved April 21, 2005.
• Railway Gun Museum
• K5 Eisenbahngeschutze
• United States Navy Railway Batteries
• U.s.a. Army Railway Arms in World State of war I
• "Gun Railroad train Guards Ends of Panama Canal -- Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Ii Hours" Popular Mechanics, December 1934 pp.844-845 excellent drawings in article on the 14-inch M1920 railway gun

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_gun

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