Bootstrap Not Able to Read From Node Module
Bootstrap (currently v3.iv.1) has a few like shooting fish in a barrel ways to quickly go started, each ane appealing to a different skill level and use example. Read through to see what suits your item needs.
Bootstrap
Compiled and minified CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No docs or original source files are included.
Download Bootstrap
Source code
Source Less, JavaScript, and font files, along with our docs. Requires a Less compiler and some setup.
Download source
jsDelivr
The folks over at jsDelivr graciously provide CDN support for Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript. Just utilise these jsDelivr links.
<!-- Latest compiled and minified CSS --> <link rel= "stylesheet" href= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.four.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity= "sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin= "bearding" > <!-- Optional theme --> <link rel= "stylesheet" href= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.four.1/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" integrity= "sha384-6pzBo3FDv/PJ8r2KRkGHifhEocL+1X2rVCTTkUfGk7/0pbek5mMa1upzvWbrUbOZ" crossorigin= "bearding" > <!-- Latest compiled and minified JavaScript --> <script src= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.internet/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity= "sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin= "anonymous" ></script> Install with Bower
Y'all tin can as well install and manage Bootstrap's Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Bower:
bower install bootstrap Install with npm
You lot tin can also install Bootstrap using npm:
npm install bootstrap@3 crave('bootstrap') will load all of Bootstrap's jQuery plugins onto the jQuery object. The bootstrap module itself does not export anything. You tin manually load Bootstrap's jQuery plugins individually by loading the /js/*.js files under the package'due south top-level directory.
Bootstrap'southward package.json contains some additional metadata nether the following keys:
-
less- path to Bootstrap's main Less source file -
style- path to Bootstrap'due south non-minified CSS that's been precompiled using the default settings (no customization)
Install with Composer
You tin likewise install and manage Bootstrap'southward Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Composer:
composer crave twbs/bootstrap Autoprefixer required for Less/Sass
Bootstrap uses Autoprefixer to deal with CSS vendor prefixes. If you're compiling Bootstrap from its Less/Sass source and not using our Gruntfile, you lot'll need to integrate Autoprefixer into your build process yourself. If you're using precompiled Bootstrap or using our Gruntfile, y'all don't need to worry well-nigh this because Autoprefixer is already integrated into our Gruntfile.
Bootstrap is downloadable in two forms, within which you'll detect the following directories and files, logically grouping mutual resources and providing both compiled and minified variations.
jQuery required
Please note that all JavaScript plugins require jQuery to be included, as shown in the starter template. Consult our bower.json to see which versions of jQuery are supported.
Precompiled Bootstrap
One time downloaded, unzip the compressed folder to run into the structure of (the compiled) Bootstrap. You'll see something like this:
bootstrap/ ├── css/ │ ├── bootstrap.css │ ├── bootstrap.css.map │ ├── bootstrap.min.css │ ├── bootstrap.min.css.map │ ├── bootstrap-theme.css │ ├── bootstrap-theme.css.map │ ├── bootstrap-theme.min.css │ └── bootstrap-theme.min.css.map ├── js/ │ ├── bootstrap.js │ └── bootstrap.min.js └── fonts/ ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.eot ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.svg ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.ttf ├── glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff └── glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff2 This is the nigh bones form of Bootstrap: precompiled files for quick drib-in usage in nearly any web project. We provide compiled CSS and JS (bootstrap.*), as well as compiled and minified CSS and JS (bootstrap.min.*). CSS source maps (bootstrap.*.map) are available for use with certain browsers' developer tools. Fonts from Glyphicons are included, equally is the optional Bootstrap theme.
Bootstrap source lawmaking
The Bootstrap source lawmaking download includes the precompiled CSS, JavaScript, and font assets, forth with source Less, JavaScript, and documentation. More specifically, it includes the following and more than:
bootstrap/ ├── less/ ├── js/ ├── fonts/ ├── dist/ │ ├── css/ │ ├── js/ │ └── fonts/ └── docs/ └── examples/ The less/, js/, and fonts/ are the source code for our CSS, JS, and icon fonts (respectively). The dist/ folder includes everything listed in the precompiled download section above. The docs/ binder includes the source lawmaking for our documentation, and examples/ of Bootstrap usage. Beyond that, any other included file provides support for packages, license information, and development.
Bootstrap uses Grunt for its build organization, with convenient methods for working with the framework. Information technology's how we compile our code, run tests, and more.
Installing Grunt
To install Grunt, you must first download and install node.js (which includes npm). npm stands for node packaged modules and is a way to manage development dependencies through node.js.
And so, from the command line:
- Install
grunt-cliglobally withnpm install -thou grunt-cli. - Navigate to the root
/bootstrap/directory, and then runnpm install. npm will expect at thepackage.jsonfile and automatically install the necessary local dependencies listed there.
When completed, you'll be able to run the various Grunt commands provided from the command line.
Available Grunt commands
grunt dist (Simply compile CSS and JavaScript)
Regenerates the /dist/ directory with compiled and minified CSS and JavaScript files. As a Bootstrap user, this is normally the command you want.
grunt watch (Watch)
Watches the Less source files and automatically recompiles them to CSS whenever you save a modify.
grunt exam (Run tests)
Runs JSHint and runs the QUnit tests in real browsers thanks to Karma.
grunt docs (Build & examination the docs assets)
Builds and tests CSS, JavaScript, and other avails which are used when running the documentation locally via package exec jekyll serve.
grunt (Build admittedly everything and run tests)
Compiles and minifies CSS and JavaScript, builds the documentation website, runs the HTML5 validator against the docs, regenerates the Customizer assets, and more. Requires Jekyll. Unremarkably just necessary if you're hacking on Bootstrap itself.
Troubleshooting
Should you encounter problems with installing dependencies or running Grunt commands, starting time delete the /node_modules/ directory generated by npm. Then, rerun npm install.
First with this bones HTML template, or modify these examples. We hope you'll customize our templates and examples, adapting them to conform your needs.
Copy the HTML below to begin working with a minimal Bootstrap certificate.
<!doctype html> <html lang= "en" > <head> <meta charset= "utf-8" > <meta http-equiv= "X-UA-Compatible" content= "IE=edge" > <meta name= "viewport" content= "width=device-width, initial-scale=one" > <!-- The in a higher place iii meta tags *must* come up first in the head; whatsoever other head content must come *after* these tags --> <title>Bootstrap 101 Template</championship> <!-- Bootstrap --> <link rel= "stylesheet" href= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@three.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity= "sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin= "anonymous" > <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js for IE8 back up of HTML5 elements and media queries --> <!-- WARNING: Reply.js doesn't piece of work if y'all view the folio via file:// --> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/html5shiv@iii.7.iii/dist/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/respond.js@ane.4.2/dest/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> </head> <body> <h1>Hello, globe!</h1> <!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) --> <script src= "https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js" integrity= "sha384-nvAa0+6Qg9clwYCGGPpDQLVpLNn0fRaROjHqs13t4Ggj3Ez50XnGQqc/r8MhnRDZ" crossorigin= "anonymous" ></script> <!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed --> <script src= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@iii.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity= "sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin= "anonymous" ></script> </body> </html> Build on the bones template in a higher place with Bootstrap'southward many components. We encourage you lot to customize and conform Bootstrap to suit your individual projection's needs.
Get the source lawmaking for every example beneath by downloading the Bootstrap repository. Examples can exist found in the docs/examples/ directory.
Using the framework
Starter template
Zippo only the basics: compiled CSS and JavaScript along with a container.
Bootstrap theme
Load the optional Bootstrap theme for a visually enhanced experience.
Grids
Multiple examples of grid layouts with all four tiers, nesting, and more.
Jumbotron
Build around the jumbotron with a navbar and some bones grid columns.
Narrow jumbotron
Build a more than custom folio by narrowing the default container and jumbotron.
Navbars in action
Navbar
Super bones template that includes the navbar forth with some additional content.
Static superlative navbar
Super basic template with a static height navbar along with some additional content.
Stock-still navbar
Super basic template with a fixed top navbar along with some additional content.
Custom components
Cover
A one-page template for building elementary and beautiful domicile pages.
Carousel
Customize the navbar and carousel, then add some new components.
Blog
Unproblematic ii-cavalcade web log layout with custom navigation, header, and type.
Dashboard
Basic construction for an admin dashboard with fixed sidebar and navbar.
Sign-in page
Custom grade layout and design for a unproblematic sign in grade.
Gummy footer
Adhere a footer to the bottom of the viewport when the content is shorter than it.
Sticky footer with navbar
Adhere a footer to the lesser of the viewport with a fixed navbar at the height.
Experiments
Non-responsive Bootstrap
Hands disable the responsiveness of Bootstrap per our docs.
Off-canvass
Build a toggleable off-canvas navigation menu for use with Bootstrap.
Bootlint is the official Bootstrap HTML linter tool. Information technology automatically checks for several common HTML mistakes in webpages that are using Bootstrap in a fairly "vanilla" way. Vanilla Bootstrap's components/widgets require their parts of the DOM to conform to certain structures. Bootlint checks that instances of Bootstrap components accept correctly-structured HTML. Consider adding Bootlint to your Bootstrap web development toolchain so that none of the common mistakes tedious down your project's development.
Stay up to appointment on the development of Bootstrap and attain out to the community with these helpful resources.
- Read and subscribe to The Official Bootstrap Web log.
- Chat with young man Bootstrappers using IRC in the
irc.freenode.internetserver, in the ##bootstrap aqueduct. - For help using Bootstrap, ask on StackOverflow using the tag
twitter-bootstrap-3. - Developers should use the keyword
bootstrapon packages which modify or add to the functionality of Bootstrap when distributing through npm or like delivery mechanisms for maximum discoverability. - Notice inspiring examples of people building with Bootstrap at the Bootstrap Expo.
You can also follow @getbootstrap on Twitter for the latest gossip and awesome music videos.
Bootstrap automatically adapts your pages for various screen sizes. Here'southward how to disable this feature then your page works like this non-responsive example.
Steps to disable page responsiveness
- Omit the viewport
<meta>mentioned in the CSS docs - Override the
widthon the.containerfor each grid tier with a single width, for instancewidth: 970px !important;Be certain that this comes later the default Bootstrap CSS. You can optionally avoid the!of importwith media queries or some selector-fu. - If using navbars, remove all navbar collapsing and expanding beliefs.
- For grid layouts, use
.col-xs-*classes in add-on to, or in place of, the medium/large ones. Don't worry, the extra-small device filigree scales to all resolutions.
Y'all'll still need Reply.js for IE8 (since our media queries are still there and need to be processed). This disables the "mobile site" aspects of Bootstrap.
Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled
We've applied these steps to an instance. Read its source lawmaking to see the specific changes implemented.
View non-responsive example
Bootstrap is congenital to work all-time in the latest desktop and mobile browsers, meaning older browsers might display differently styled, though fully functional, renderings of certain components.
Supported browsers
Specifically, nosotros support the latest versions of the post-obit browsers and platforms.
Alternative browsers which utilize the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform's web view API, are not explicitly supported. Even so, Bootstrap should (in well-nigh cases) brandish and role correctly in these browsers as well. More specific support information is provided below.
Mobile devices
Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform'south default browsers. Notation that proxy browsers (such as Opera Mini, Opera Mobile's Turbo fashion, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported.
| Chrome | Firefox | Safari | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Android | Supported | Supported | N/A |
| iOS | Supported | Supported | Supported |
Desktop browsers
Similarly, the latest versions of nearly desktop browsers are supported.
| Chrome | Firefox | Internet Explorer | Opera | Safari | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mac | Supported | Supported | Northward/A | Supported | Supported |
| Windows | Supported | Supported | Supported | Supported | Not supported |
On Windows, we support Internet Explorer eight-xi.
For Firefox, in addition to the latest normal stable release, we also support the latest Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox.
Unofficially, Bootstrap should look and behave well enough in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 7, as well equally Microsoft Edge, though they are non officially supported.
For a list of some of the browser bugs that Bootstrap has to grapple with, see our Wall of browser bugs.
Cyberspace Explorer 8 and 9
Internet Explorer viii and 9 are also supported, however, please be aware that some CSS3 properties and HTML5 elements are not fully supported by these browsers. In addition, Internet Explorer 8 requires the apply of Respond.js to enable media query support.
| Feature | Net Explorer 8 | Internet Explorer 9 |
|---|---|---|
border-radius | Not supported | Supported |
box-shadow | Not supported | Supported |
transform | Not supported | Supported, with -ms prefix |
transition | Not supported | |
placeholder | Not supported | |
Visit Can I use... for details on browser back up of CSS3 and HTML5 features.
Cyberspace Explorer 8 and Reply.js
Beware of the following caveats when using Respond.js in your development and production environments for Cyberspace Explorer eight.
Respond.js and cross-domain CSS
Using Respond.js with CSS hosted on a different (sub)domain (for example, on a CDN) requires some additional setup. See the Respond.js docs for details.
Respond.js and file://
Due to browser security rules, Answer.js doesn't work with pages viewed via the file:// protocol (like when opening a local HTML file). To test responsive features in IE8, view your pages over HTTP(S). See the Respond.js docs for details.
Respond.js and @import
Respond.js doesn't piece of work with CSS that's referenced via @import. In particular, some Drupal configurations are known to utilise @import. Run across the Respond.js docs for details.
Cyberspace Explorer eight and box-sizing
IE8 does not fully support box-sizing: border-box; when combined with min-width, max-width, min-height, or max-tiptop. For that reason, every bit of v3.0.1, we no longer apply max-width on .containers.
Internet Explorer 8 and @font-face
IE8 has some problems with @font-face up when combined with :earlier. Bootstrap uses that combination with its Glyphicons. If a page is cached, and loaded without the mouse over the window (i.eastward. hit the refresh button or load something in an iframe) then the page gets rendered before the font loads. Hovering over the page (body) will prove some of the icons and hovering over the remaining icons will show those too. See effect #13863 for details.
IE Compatibility modes
Bootstrap is not supported in the old Cyberspace Explorer compatibility modes. To be certain y'all're using the latest rendering mode for IE, consider including the appropriate <meta> tag in your pages:
<meta http-equiv= "X-UA-Uniform" content= "IE=edge" > Ostend the document manner by opening the debugging tools: press F12 and cheque the "Certificate Fashion".
This tag is included in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples to ensure the best rendering possible in each supported version of Internet Explorer.
See this StackOverflow question for more than information.
Net Explorer ten in Windows 8 and Windows Telephone 8
Internet Explorer 10 doesn't differentiate device width from viewport width, and thus doesn't properly utilise the media queries in Bootstrap's CSS. Usually y'all'd just add a quick snippet of CSS to fix this:
@-ms-viewport { width : device-width ; } However, this doesn't piece of work for devices running Windows Phone eight versions older than Update 3 (a.one thousand.a. GDR3), as it causes such devices to testify a by and large desktop view instead of narrow "phone" view. To accost this, yous'll need to include the following CSS and JavaScript to work around the issues.
@-ms-viewport { width : device-width ; } @-o-viewport { width : device-width ; } @viewport { width : device-width ; } // Copyright 2014-2019 Twitter, Inc. // Licensed nether MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/v3-dev/LICENSE) if ( navigator . userAgent . match ( /IEMobile \/ ten \. 0/ )) { var msViewportStyle = certificate . createElement ( 'style' ) msViewportStyle . appendChild ( document . createTextNode ( '@-ms-viewport{width:auto!of import}' ) ) document . querySelector ( 'head' ). appendChild ( msViewportStyle ) } For more information and usage guidelines, read Windows Phone 8 and Device-Width.
As a heads upward, nosotros include this in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples equally a sit-in.
Safari percent rounding
The rendering engine of versions of Safari prior to v7.1 for OS 10 and Safari for iOS v8.0 had some problem with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-1 filigree classes. So if you lot had 12 individual grid columns, you'd discover that they came up short compared to other rows of columns. Besides upgrading Safari/iOS, you have some options for workarounds:
- Add
.pull-rightto your last grid cavalcade to get the hard-correct alignment - Tweak your percentages manually to become the perfect rounding for Safari (more hard than the first pick)
Modals, navbars, and virtual keyboards
Overflow and scrolling
Support for overflow: hidden on the <body> element is quite limited in iOS and Android. To that end, when yous scroll past the top or bottom of a modal in either of those devices' browsers, the <body> content volition begin to curl. Meet Chrome problems #175502 (fixed in Chrome v40) and WebKit issues #153852.
iOS text fields and scrolling
As of iOS ix.3, while a modal is open, if the initial affect of a scroll gesture is inside the purlieus of a textual <input> or a <textarea>, the <body> content underneath the modal will be scrolled instead of the modal itself. See WebKit problems #153856.
Virtual keyboards
Besides, notation that if you're using a stock-still navbar or using inputs within a modal, iOS has a rendering bug that doesn't update the position of fixed elements when the virtual keyboard is triggered. A few workarounds for this include transforming your elements to position: absolute or invoking a timer on focus to endeavor to correct the positioning manually. This is not handled by Bootstrap, and then it is up to y'all to decide which solution is best for your application.
Navbar Dropdowns
The .dropdown-properties element isn't used on iOS in the nav because of the complexity of z-indexing. Thus, to close dropdowns in navbars, you lot must directly click the dropdown element (or any other chemical element which volition fire a click result in iOS).
Browser zooming
Page zooming inevitably presents rendering artifacts in some components, both in Bootstrap and the residual of the spider web. Depending on the effect, nosotros may be able to fix it (search offset and then open up an issue if need be). However, we tend to ignore these as they ofttimes have no direct solution other than hacky workarounds.
Sticky :hover/:focus on mobile
Even though real hovering isn't possible on most touchscreens, near mobile browsers emulate hovering support and brand :hover "sticky". In other words, :hover styles start applying after tapping an chemical element and only stop applying after the user taps some other element. This can crusade Bootstrap'due south :hover states to get undesirably "stuck" on such browsers. Some mobile browsers also make :focus similarly viscid. In that location is currently no simple workaround for these issues other than removing such styles entirely.
Printing
Even in some modern browsers, printing can be quirky.
In particular, as of Chrome v32 and regardless of margin settings, Chrome uses a viewport width significantly narrower than the physical newspaper size when resolving media queries while printing a webpage. This can result in Bootstrap's extra-small grid being unexpectedly activated when printing. Encounter issue #12078 and Chrome bug #273306 for some details. Suggested workarounds:
- Embrace the extra-small grid and make sure your page looks acceptable under it.
- Customize the values of the
@screen-*Less variables so that your printer paper is considered larger than extra-small. - Add together custom media queries to change the grid size breakpoints for print media just.
Also, equally of Safari v8.0, stock-still-width .containersouth can cause Safari to employ an unusually small font size when press. See #14868 and WebKit bug #138192 for more than details. I potential workaround for this is adding the following CSS:
@media impress { .container { width : machine ; } } Android stock browser
Out of the box, Android 4.1 (and fifty-fifty some newer releases plain) ship with the Browser app as the default web browser of choice (equally opposed to Chrome). Unfortunately, the Browser app has lots of bugs and inconsistencies with CSS in general.
Select menus
On <select> elements, the Android stock browser will not brandish the side controls if in that location is a border-radius and/or border applied. (See this StackOverflow question for details.) Use the snippet of lawmaking below to remove the offending CSS and render the <select> as an unstyled element on the Android stock browser. The user agent sniffing avoids interference with Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla browsers.
<script> $ ( function () { var nua = navigator . userAgent var isAndroid = ( nua . indexOf ( 'Mozilla/5.0' ) > - one && nua . indexOf ( 'Android ' ) > - i && nua . indexOf ( 'AppleWebKit' ) > - one && nua . indexOf ( 'Chrome' ) === - 1 ) if ( isAndroid ) { $ ( 'select.course-command' ). removeClass ( 'grade-control' ). css ( 'width' , '100%' ) } }) </script> Want to run across an example? Check out this JS Bin demo.
Validators
In order to provide the best possible experience to onetime and buggy browsers, Bootstrap uses CSS browser hacks in several places to target special CSS to certain browser versions in guild to work around bugs in the browsers themselves. These hacks understandably cause CSS validators to complain that they are invalid. In a couple places, nosotros besides utilise bleeding-edge CSS features that aren't even so fully standardized, merely these are used purely for progressive enhancement.
These validation warnings don't matter in exercise since the not-hacky portion of our CSS does fully validate and the hacky portions don't interfere with the proper functioning of the not-hacky portion, hence why we deliberately ignore these particular warnings.
Our HTML docs likewise have some footling and inconsequential HTML validation warnings due to our inclusion of a workaround for a sure Firefox bug.
While we don't officially support whatsoever third political party plugins or add-ons, nosotros do offering some useful advice to assistance avert potential issues in your projects.
Box-sizing
Some third party software, including Google Maps and Google Custom Search Engine, disharmonize with Bootstrap due to * { box-sizing: border-box; }, a dominion which makes it so padding does not bear on the concluding computed width of an chemical element. Acquire more about box model and sizing at CSS Tricks.
Depending on the context, you may override every bit-needed (Option 1) or reset the box-sizing for entire regions (Option 2).
/* Box-sizing resets * * Reset private elements or override regions to avoid conflicts due to * global box model settings of Bootstrap. Two options, individual overrides and * region resets, are available as obviously CSS and uncompiled Less formats. */ /* Option 1A: Override a single chemical element'south box model via CSS */ .element { -webkit-box-sizing : content-box ; -moz-box-sizing : content-box ; box-sizing : content-box ; } /* Option 1B: Override a single element's box model by using a Bootstrap Less mixin */ .chemical element { .box-sizing ( content-box ) ; } /* Pick 2A: Reset an entire region via CSS */ .reset-box-sizing , .reset-box-sizing *, .reset-box-sizing * :before , .reset-box-sizing * :after { -webkit-box-sizing : content-box ; -moz-box-sizing : content-box ; box-sizing : content-box ; } /* Selection 2B: Reset an entire region with a custom Less mixin */ .reset-box-sizing { & , *, * :before , * :later on { .box-sizing ( content-box ) ; } } .chemical element { .reset-box-sizing () ; } Bootstrap follows mutual web standards and—with minimal extra effort—tin can be used to create sites that are accessible to those using AT.
Skip navigation
If your navigation contains many links and comes before the master content in the DOM, add a Skip to master content link before the navigation (for a uncomplicated caption, see this A11Y Project article on skip navigation links). Using the .sr-only class will visually hide the skip link, and the .sr-but-focusable grade will ensure that the link becomes visible once focused (for sighted keyboard users).
Due to long-standing shortcomings/bugs in Chrome (see issue 262171 in the Chromium problems tracker) and Internet Explorer (see this article on in-folio links and focus club), you will need to brand sure that the target of your skip link is at least programmatically focusable by adding tabindex="-i".
In improver, y'all may want to explicitly suppress a visible focus indication on the target (peculiarly as Chrome currently also sets focus on elements with tabindex="-1" when they are clicked with the mouse) with #content:focus { outline: none; }.
Annotation that this issues volition also impact any other in-page links your site may be using, rendering them useless for keyboard users. You may consider adding a like cease-gap gear up to all other named anchors / fragment identifiers that act as link targets.
<torso> <a href= "#content" class= "sr-just sr-only-focusable" >Skip to main content</a> ... <div class= "container" id= "content" tabindex= "-1" > <!-- The principal page content --> </div> </body> Nested headings
When nesting headings (<h1> - <h6>), your primary certificate header should be an <h1>. Subsequent headings should brand logical use of <h2> - <h6> such that screen readers tin construct a tabular array of contents for your pages.
Larn more than at HTML CodeSniffer and Penn State'south AccessAbility.
Color contrast
Currently, some of the default color combinations available in Bootstrap (such as the various styled push classes, some of the lawmaking highlighting colors used for bones code blocks, the .bg-primary contextual background helper class, and the default link color when used on a white background) accept a low contrast ratio (beneath the recommended ratio of 4.5:1). This can cause problems to users with low vision or who are color blind. These default colors may need to be modified to increase their contrast and legibility.
Additional resource
- "HTML Codesniffer" bookmarklet for identifying accessibility problems
- Chrome's Accessibility Developer Tools extension
- Colour Contrast Analyser
- The A11Y Project
- MDN accessibility documentation
Bootstrap is released under the MIT license and is copyright 2019 Twitter. Boiled down to smaller chunks, it can be described with the following conditions.
It requires you to:
- Keep the license and copyright discover included in Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript files when you utilise them in your works
It permits you to:
- Freely download and use Bootstrap, in whole or in part, for personal, individual, company internal, or commercial purposes
- Use Bootstrap in packages or distributions that you create
- Modify the source code
- Grant a sublicense to modify and distribute Bootstrap to third parties not included in the license
It forbids you to:
- Hold the authors and license owners liable for damages as Bootstrap is provided without warranty
- Hold the creators or copyright holders of Bootstrap liable
- Redistribute any piece of Bootstrap without proper attribution
- Employ whatever marks owned by Twitter in any fashion that might state or imply that Twitter endorses your distribution
- Utilize whatsoever marks owned by Twitter in whatever way that might state or imply that you created the Twitter software in question
Information technology does non crave you to:
- Include the source of Bootstrap itself, or of whatsoever modifications you may have made to it, in any redistribution you may assemble that includes it
- Submit changes that you brand to Bootstrap back to the Bootstrap project (though such feedback is encouraged)
The total Bootstrap license is located in the project repository for more than information.
Source: https://getbootstrap.com/docs/3.4/getting-started/
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